Senin, 21 Juni 2010

origin of the name of Indonesia


IN ancient times, the islands of our homeland is called by various names. In a note Tionghoa archipelago nation we named Nan-hai (the South Sea Islands). Various ancient records of India named the island nation was Dwipantara (Overseas Land Islands), a name derived from the Sanskrit word Dwipa (island) and between (outside, opposite). Valmiki Ramayana story of a famous poet that tells the search for Sprott, Ravana kidnapped Rama's wife, came to Suwarnadwipa (Island of Gold, which is now Sumatra) located in Dwipantara Islands.

Arabs called our homeland Jaza'ir al-Jawi (Javanese Islands). Latin name for frankincense is benzoe, derived from the Arabic luban jawi (frankincense of Java), because Arab traders obtained from incense trees Styrax sumatrana who once grew only in Sumatra. To this day pilgrims we still often called "Java" by Arabs. Even though people outside Java, Indonesia. "Samathrah, Sholibis, Sundah, kulluh Jawi (Sumatra, Sulawesi, Sundanese, Javanese everything)" said a trader at Pasar Seng, Mecca.

Then came the time of arrival of the Europeans to Asia. European nations who first came to the thought that Asia is only composed of Arabs, Persians, Indians and Chinese. For them, the area stretching between Persia and China, everything is "Indian". South Asian peninsula they called "Ocean Front" and mainland Southeast Asia was named "Rear Indies." While we get the name of homeland "Indian Archipelago" (Indische Archipel, the Indian Archipelago, l'Archipel Indien) or "East Indies" (Oost Indie, East Indies, Indes Orientales). Another name used is "Malayan Archipelago" (Maleische Archipel, Malay Archipelago, l'Archipel Malais).

When our country colonized by the Dutch, the official name used is Nederlandsch-Indie (Dutch Indies), while the Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 used the term To-Indo (East Indies). Eduard Douwes Dekker (1820-1887), known by the pseudonym of Multatuli, never proposed a specific name for the islands to mention our homeland, namely Insulinde, which means also "Indian Archipelago" (the Latin insula meaning island). But apparently this Insulinde name is less popular. For the people of Bandung, Insulinde probably just known as a bookstore that ever existed on the Road Otista.

In the 1920s, Ernest Francois Eugene Douwes Dekker (1879-1950), which we know as Dr. Setiabudi (he was the grandson of the brother Multatuli), popularize a name for our homeland that did not contain elements of the word "Indian". Is no other name is Nusantara, a term that has been submerged for centuries. Setiabudi took the name from Pararaton, Majapahit era of ancient manuscripts found in Bali at the end of the 19th century and translated by JLA Brandes and published by Johannes Nicholaas Krom in 1920.

However, it should be noted that the definition proposed Nusantara Setiabudi much different with the understanding, the archipelago of Majapahit era. During the Majapahit Nusantara used to name the islands outside of Java (in Sanskrit means between the outer, opposite) as opposed to Jawadwipa (Java). We certainly never heard Palapa Oath of Gajah Mada, "Seagrass huwus lost archipelago, isun amukti palapa" (If you have lost the islands opposite, then I enjoy a break). By Dr. Setiabudi archipelago word connotes ignorance Majapahit era was given a nationalistic sense. By taking the word between the indigenous Malays, the archipelago now has a new meaning of "homeland between the two continents and two oceans", so Java was included in the definition of a modern country. Setiabudi terms of this archipelago is fast becoming popular as an alternative use of the name of the Dutch East Indies.

To this day we use the term domestic fixed for mention our homeland territory from Sabang to Merauke. But the official name of our state and nation is Indonesia. Now we will explore where the hell the name was difficult for Malays tongue appeared.

Indonesian Names

In the year 1847 in Singapore published an annual science magazine, Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA), which is managed by James Richardson Logan (1819-1869), the Scotsman who took a law degree from the University of Edinburgh. Then in 1849 an expert in ethnology of the British nation, George Samuel Windsor Earl (1813-1865), incorporating itself as a magazine editor JIAEA.

In JIAEA 1850 Volume IV, pages 66-74, Earl wrote an article "On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations. In his article was Earl asserts that it was time for the people of the Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago to have a unique name (a Distinctive name), because the Indian name is not appropriate and is often confused with the mention of another Indian. Earl filed two options name: Indunesia or Malayunesia (nesos in Greek means island). On page 71 an article was written: "... the inhabitants of the Indians Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago would Indunesians or changed from Malayunesians respectively.

Earl himself has said choosing a name Malayunesia Islands (Malays) than Indunesia (Ocean Islands), because Malayunesia perfect for races Malays, while Indunesia can also be used to Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Maldives (Maldives). Besides, says Earl, is not Melayu language used throughout the archipelago? In his writing was Earl's use of the term and did not use the term Malayunesia Indunesia.

In Volume IV JIAEA also, pages 252-347, James Richardson Logan wrote the article The Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago. In early writings, Logan also stated the need to name specific to the islands of our homeland, because the term "Indian Archipelago" is too long and confusing. Logan picked up a discarded Indunesia Earl, and the letter u replaced with the letter o to his words better. Thus was born the term Indonesia.

For the first time the Indonesian word appeared in the world with 254 pages printed on Logan in writing: Mr. Earl suggests the term ethnographical Indunesian, but Rejects it in favour of Malayunesian. I prefer the purely geographical term Indonesia, Which is merely a synonym for the Shorter Indian Islands or the Indian Archipelago. When proposing the name "Indonesia" Logan does not seem to realize that in future the name will be the name of the nation and the country ranked the fourth largest population on earth!

Since then Logan has consistently used the name "Indonesia" in his scientific writings, and the use of this term is slowly spreading among the scientists of ethnology and geography. In 1884 a professor of ethnology at the University of Berlin, named Adolf Bastian (1826-1905) published a book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipel five volumes, containing the results of his research when it wandered into our homeland in 1864 until 1880. Bastian's book is a popularized the term "Indonesia" among the Dutch scholar, so that could arise assuming that the term "Indonesia" Bastian's creation. Opinion that is not true that, among others listed in Encyclopedie van Nederlandsch-Indie in 1918. Yet Bastian adopted the term "Indonesia" was from the writings of Logan.

Son of the motherland who first used the term "Indonesia" is Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara). When the exhaust to Holland in 1913 he established a bureau of the press with a Press-bureau Indonesische.

Political meaning

In the 1920s, the name "Indonesia" which is a scientific term in ethnology and geography was taken over by the leaders of our country's independence movement, thus the name "Indonesia" finally has a political meaning, namely the identity of a people who fight for freedom! As a result the Dutch government began to get suspicious and wary of using words that Logan's creation.

In the year 1922 at the initiative of Mohammad Hatta, a student Handels Hoogeschool (Higher School of Economics) in Rotterdam, students and student organizations in the Netherlands East Indies (which was formed in 1908 under the name of the Indische Vereeniging) Vereeniging changed its name to Indonesische or Perhimpoenan Indonesia. Their magazine, the Indian Poetra, renamed the Independence of Indonesia.

Bung Hatta emphasized in his writings, "The State of Free Indonesia, which will come (Vrije toekomstige Indonesische de staat) impossible is called" Dutch East Indies. " It is also not "Indian" only, because it may cause confusion with the original Indian. For us the name of Indonesia declares a political goal (a political een Doel), due to symbolize and aspire to a homeland in the future, and to realize every one of Indonesia (Indonesians) will try with all the power and ability. "

Meanwhile, in the homeland Dr. Sutomo Indonesische Study Club founded in 1924. That same year the United Communists renamed Indian Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). Then in 1925 established scouting Jong Islamieten Bond Nationaal Indonesische Padvinderij (Natipij). That's the three organizations in the country which first used the name "Indonesia". Finally the name "Indonesia" was crowned as the name of homeland, nation and our language on the density-Pemoedi Pemoeda Indonesia on October 28, 1928, which we now call the Youth Pledge.

In August 1939 three members of the Volksraad (People's Council; era Dutch Parliament), Muhammad Husni Thamrin, Wiwoho Purbohadidjojo, and Sutardjo Kartohadikusumo, filed a motion to the Government of the Netherlands to the name "Indonesia" was established as a replacement name "Nederlandsch-Indie." But the stubborn Dutch so that this motion be rejected outright.

So God's will was valid. With the collapse of our country into the hands of Japan on March 8, 1942, gone are the name of the Dutch East Indies for ever. Then on August 17, 1945, the blessings of God Almighty, born of the Republic of Indonesia.

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